Europe in the seventeenth century

 Baroque artistic prosperity, has been mentioned above; but the eighteenth century,

artistic tendencies and changes, as the so-called Rococo era. From the Baroque grandeur, the majesty of a strong arts into

can be said that the feminization of the delicate art of light. Well, now to be discussed in this Art

surgery, but in his discussion of this art, you should talk about Dutch painting. Because the seventh century to the XVIII century Dutch painting

, in all respects, is a new era of citizen art, to understand the Dutch painting,

also have to understand Rococo help.

independent so-called Dutch Netherlands The Netherlands is part of the original, and later became

Spanish rule, the old church by the Spanish King Philip II of oppression and suppression.

But after the early seventeenth century, the Dutch launched an independent campaign. The Netherlands where many Protestants, this can not stand because

old rule of Hindu monarch, ravaged their faith; and the Netherlands also

wealthy businessmen, they will also, by order of irrational despot financing of the military models, forcing them to pay high taxes are

aggrieved; so the Protestant revolt and dissatisfaction with business people together, the outbreak of the independent

movement. Result, the Dutch invaded several times by the Spanish army, was brutally suppressed; but the insurgents did not surrender a little

continue to carry out the independence movement, and finally in 1649 became a fully independent country.

later, the rapid development of a Dutch national maritime commerce. Spain gradually lost national prestige riding on its

also Japan, Western established colonies, and Japan in the Edo period is also the trading, so the moment

become powerful forces in maritime trade. Eighteenth-century Dutch merchant's heyday was the era where the powerful have

no throne, high momentum traders citizens, therefore, the Dutch culture and art from the beginning can be said

to the nature of the people with peace. Hal Si Helan

France's first city of the artist is Halei Mu Francis Hals (Frans

Hals ,1580-1666). Throughout his life, almost never left Halei Mu, according to legend, he

alcohol, such as life, drunk wife abuse, it was the court summons. Then his wife died, married a second wife after

, like some enlightenment, not what litigation; but he hardly seems to be greatly respected members of the public

King because he had neither been recommended for the honorary position the city has not become an artist

groups associate member of St. Luke. Generally believed, largely because of poverty, as honorary positions

City and St. Luke's membership.

However, he is quite proficient in painting people. Throughout his life, because the Netherlands continue to

the War of Independence, and have had no time for peace, there is no practical masterpiece with a profound meaning; but his figure paintings

can capture a moment expression, described it lively. The most famous is the

arrogant knight sounded proud, smiling a little naive - no matter who saw, there will be an oil, however

to the happy mood, could not help but also with the laugh. The kind of small patterns, such as clothing and fine detail of the description

write, it is difficult to believe, is the alcohol, such as life from the hands of the old painter.

addition, Hals as well as is the daily life of ordinary people a piece

segment. As a large-scale works, the

characteristics of Dutch paintings here, the conversation a little left point. Francis not only Hals,

masterpiece of all Dutch painters less, most of them only to draw some sketches. Why? It turned out surgery as a public arts painting

lunch is the first compact,cheap UGG boots, the price is also cheap to buy and hang in the walls of public housing also will be

side. It turned out that the public art in the Renaissance is a magnificent grand majority of the works, but it is not

individuals as members of the public order, but rather will order the main line of the public; line will have more money, the line Hall wall

wall would also large, need a larger painting. However, the seventeenth, eighteenth-century, free competition, individualism

is developed, in particular, was at the forefront of the Dutch traders, the public began to consider a painting as

individual products, so for cheap, small works, so many pieces of painting the Netherlands, and Francois Hardy

Wales is leading the way.

Dutch people not only in the form of painting small, because it is hanging in the homes of the people, so the theme

must also be public. Such as the Baroque art of the kind of myth, religion, or full of princely majesty

noble work, so people will not do the hair tight, and the public life must be related, people are friendly
< br> painting. From this point, to capture the moment of improvisation and creative expression of Hals's works can be said of the

the Netherlands. Later, in the Netherlands, landscape, genre painting, animal paintings, still life, etc., it seems

agreeable painting developed, both because it appeals to people of the Netherlands and the need for their hobbies of art for

products.

Now, come back about the Dutch painter.

Francis Hals Rembrandt and inclination slightly different but the greatest Dutch painter Rembrandt

(Rembrandt van Rijn ,1607-1669), is the city of Leiden the son of the flour business. At that time the famous city of Leiden University

, together with the Dutch scholar. Rembrandt on his father to the University, seems to want to let him into a legal family

; Rembrandt's interest in painting, but even more than the law, he said the scenery outside, beside weeks

Everything around the sketch drawn readily. Although Rembrandt had gone to college, but only on the six months had dropped out and started learning

painting. Learning with the teacher, first in Leiden,UGG boots clearance, to seventeen years old, went to Amsterdam, were born in Leiden

Lastman (Lastmann ,1583-1633) students. Lastman was painted Italian style painted

The guy is a considerable reputation as an artist.

where learning technologies in general, but also back home, from that point on, Rembrandt began to paint the Father,

mother, brother, sister's portrait, of which the most mature , wearing a gold helmet of his father, very beautiful, kind and confident

He also painted many self-portraits. In short,

Rembrandt's paintings are all drawn to a human model.

twenty-year-old, he has become an accomplished painter, decided to settle in Amsterdam.

and very lucky, painting portraits of the orders one after another the way; his etchings are also very popular, so, and

Art Business William Burke became friends. Art Business cousin has a girl named William Bolkiah, from

little lost both parents can be said that the unfortunate orphan, Rembrandt was requested for her portraits, this opportunity,

came to love her.

However, her relatives do not allow them to marry. Because she has a considerable legacy, can not marry

an ordinary young painter. Rembrandt desperate opposition, after some effort, twenty-seven years old when the final

to marry her.

Rembrandt seems very proud of this marriage, the young Shakespeare drew Nokia holds the lap sitting,

portrait of toast. From this picture we can see how happy face Rembrandt ah! After the London Shakespeare Nokia

Blanc to sit in the model stage, drew some pictures, his reputation growing.

Painting into more income, but also his wife's dowry William Nokia, so bought a beautiful home, collected a large number of ancient device

, Oriental and other precious stones, decorative Shashi Ji Asia, for her portrait painted. For a time, he seems to have become the world's happiest people

.

this era masterpiece, should cite the famous Painting can be seen, the University of Amsterdam in the

the solemn seriousness in conducting the autopsy scene he described how well! Side solution

profile body, a professor of medicine side about the proud look, listen to his surprise that the doctors look

admire, worthy of great masterpiece. Drawn from the Old Testament of the Holy Book,

But his happiness did not last long. He three-fifteen, leaving a wife, William

Nokia put the land as a boy named died, and Rembrandt's grief is not to say. And succeeded by his reputation for painting the house

has suffered a setback. The reason why Rembrandt reputation

frustrated, he drew Nokia's naked wife Shakespeare for the community to uphold the old moral

criticism is one reason people; but the main thing is to entitled

this see its beauty. It seems to provide for the painting that people want

Francis Hals's However, despite this requirement Rembrandt, and the whole painting a very dark picture, but the main

to a few people in the face paint and bright, as do so when talking about Rubens said, in the arts is a powerful

, and it is uniform; but this is not set desired artist, seems to think his own portrait in the shadow of

, too shameful of.

short, Rembrandt because , borrowing a lot, and finally bankruptcy,

Jews have moved to live in a rented town house.

encountered this kind of unfortunate, Rembrandt's mind naturally turned to the depths of nature and tranquility. To

only several years after the painting landscapes, for example, entitled

view of the outskirts of Amsterdam, full of moisture in the clouds and dipped to the ground to the light,

interwoven dramatic sense of natural phenomena, though of short, but it should be said to be a masterpiece.

Rembrandt despite the poverty, but never give up the artist's pride and compromise to the community.

Married his son left the maid take care of Hendrix Toffee Ersi for a second wife, with her as a model,

started drawing a lot of painting, but has re- can not restore the reputation of the community. In order to remove his loneliness,

started painting religious paintings, In these

religious paintings, filled with the works of Francis Hals, who can not see the profound thoughts. Indeed, in his later years

Rembrandt, the Netherlands War of Independence was over, the domestic stabilized

the Dutch out of the suffering of the war and live a peaceful life, so it can be considered , Rembrandt and others can still have security

settle down, calm being indulged in meditation.

During this period, 斯托菲尔丝 side to seriously take care of the land as mentioned, one side hard to encourage Rembrandt.

but forty-year-old Rembrandt was bankrupt Shiyou, complete loss of life support, he mentioned only

open land as a small antique shops. Put in the shop of course, Rembrandt's paintings, and also sell Shanghao price. But

soon, 斯托菲尔丝 and die, then put the land as also died. Rembrandt's later years is indeed bleak, according to

that he died with only one picture box and a jacket. Born in the Netherlands, the world's great artists,

precisely because of his outstanding talent, but not for the society, only to die tragically. Rembrandt died, the Netherlands no longer first-class masters, only some creative genre painting,

the bright side to make people feel warm, and from bad news that is vulgar art of public The so-called However, because of their special significance in history, it must have little to refer

Shao.

genre painter in the Who stood in the first column is A

德里安勃劳 Will (Andrian Brouwer ,1605-1638), he was Francis Hals

the proud students, early genius. Available in the future reputation of Amsterdam, is good at describing the health

farmers live, especially the farmers said as a joke side of the scene laughing, eating and drinking scene, fighting

fight and so on. Pleasing is filled with rich paintings funny taste. From the

David Courtney Wells (David Teniers ,1610-1690) is also depicted

painter of peasant life, Courtney Hills is indeed the life of the court in the Netherlands who,

Although writing the life of farmers, but Will and Bolao such comparison, there were some noble simplicity of the place.

吉拉尔杜乌 (Gerard Dou ,1613-1675) is the Rembrandt of the students, but only

style of the early Rembrandt drawing, painting genre painting. He should say that is a clever artist, so there is no were as bad as

comments Rembrandt, but with the kind of realistic cause pen, light and pleasant to the art of writing by the Netherlands

Lan people's favorite. Yang Yang

Augustine Augustine (J n Steen ,1626-1679) is also a genre painter, the Health

in Leiden.

Austad (Adrian van Ost de ,1610-1685) is also known to paint their living

painter. Weir paintings Bolao fight rap, bustling farmers; and Austad's also very unique.

, however, may be counted more than these people, have fun like the master is probably Peter Vanderhorst (Peter

de Hooch ,1629-1677). If you see , showing a beautiful quiet room. Netherlandish painters is very sensitive to light, which previously had a

say, but the Dutch painter who Youyi very natural and detailed methods, inherited down.

finally born in Delft in Vermeer (Vermeer ,1632-1675). This person will probably be

to say that the custom of the Dutch first-class artists, but until recently, has not been recognized by the world. He often works

and Vanderhorst or confused the works of Rembrandt, etc., therefore, still on his biography

unclear. He died in addition to twenty-six works nothing but that did not leave; but today, it just twenty-six

work is said to value more than 2.5 million yuan, it can be that he is What a

excellent painter. See

landscape painters in the Netherlands, Original,

landscape painting began in fourth and fifth centuries, the original is just as figure painting, religious paintings of the foil. Giotto test

observation about the works of that generation are the main characters, scenery supplement. Botticelli

to which generations of time, although still the main characters, the scenery changes, supplemented by the case or not, but some have begun to wind

King played a significant effect. For example look at > Lin's description of an organic link; on this point, it should be said that there are significant landscape.

to the sixteenth century, for example, pieces of Raphael's based, landscape supplement. The seventeenth century,

to reverse, there have been dominated by landscapes, figures, supplemented by the works of Rubens, The Netherlands in the seventeenth century, this relationship further, even without figures,

pure landscape painting, Rembrandt's

So, in addition to other than Rembrandt, the Netherlands is also a landscape painter, what does? The first is due

Ge Yang Fan (J anvan Goyen ,1596-1655) is good at painting the sea and river landscapes, which are water; following the consequent

after Ge, is where De Nier (Van der Neer ,1603-1677), his

greater than these people is Ruiz Total (Jacob van Ruis-dael, 1628 -

1682). He is Halei Mu people, two-year-old is already around the dreams of genius. His Contrast is also beautiful. As for the

Ruiz Darfur can be regarded as the attitude of sincere religious nature, landscape painting, while his younger and

competitors Hobbema (Hobbema ,1638-1709) Zeyi clear happy mood surrounding landscape view.

distance method to describing the beauty of the famous Close-painting trees to enable you see the bright vision of the tankers and human

home, is a very good work. Hobbema also likes to draw clouds, because the cloud does not have any meaning, so no one pay attention to it, but never the Dutch seventeenth century does not make sense that the cloud, and made

change is brightness and distance the United States. Even if the floating clouds in the sky just described is also an excellent painting! This

described the beauty of clouds and light, given the later British artists such as Bo Geng Si Boluo and Constable to influence,

the French Impressionist painters and then studied. In order to study, should be said that the Dutch landscape painters, in particular, is Hobbema

position in the history of painting is very important.

Finally, van der Commission de (Van de Velde ,1633-1707) painted the sea. He and the father of the same name

live in London, the British King Charles II's court painter,

animal artist painting the theme of animals also began the Netherlands. First, Paul Porter (Paul

Potter ,1625-1654), he lived in Amsterdam, though only twenty-year-old to die, but

left many animal paintings, in particular, is the excellent work cattle. Lying in a corner of the pastoral clear, calm

leisurely constantly regurgitated cow, indeed the scene of the Dutch style. Tissue Culture Response Cape

Al (Albert Cuyp ,1620-1691) also painted stop cattle standing in water's edge;

However, in these works, we may pay more attention to hand, the beauty of the sky, painting the clouds better. This

, we can cite as an animal painter, painted . still life paintings still life painter

began in the seventeenth century Netherlands. Although a large still-life painter

David De Ximu (David de Heem ,1600-1674) and Van Hai Sumu (Van Huysum,

1682-1749) and others, works mostly fish and Guo Wu, flower still life.

more general introduction about the Netherlands, Not difficult to imagine that their art of ordinary people,

they seem friendly and cheerful people in particular how small painting cherished by the people.

Their first custom painting, landscape, animal paintings, still life paintings and so on, since, until today many artists have painted. Religious art and myths

paintings were discarded, particularly after the Impressionist, these small paintings, painting can be said to have become the mainstream trend

painting. It would appear that the Dutch painters of the historical significance of the small must not be underestimated.

But their heyday, but in the seventeenth century. Although the newly independent country the Netherlands is temporarily

King maritime trade, but was soon overwhelmed by the British forces. After the seventh century, the Dutch national

force gradually apathetic, while the decline of its public arts will continue.

Chapter



Rococo era of seventeenth-century Europe, the so-called baroque prosperity to the eighteenth century, but changes to

Rococo. Rococo Art is the center of France.

(a) of the French Rococo art of the so-called

Rococo (Rococo), the first refers to the era of Louis XV began

interior. With shells, stones, etc. for the rockery (Ro-caille), for interior decoration; although a bit

mixed feeling, but then chic elegance that is quite yet people opt for. Later, stone or shell by shell for decoration

little to deformation, made scrolled floral pattern or the like for decoration.

Rocaille style in accordance with the meaning of this kind of decoration is called Rococo.

chic Rococo interior sense of immediately building used for carving. Seventeenth-century carved

the bumbling, attitude majesty; contrast, the sculpture of this era is a pretense of vivid,

is the clothing folds, said carving is not deep Fuga, Fuga should be carved in shallow relief. As for the buildings, the Baroque building built

thick pillars and a grand staircase, and a small Rococo architectural columns, stairs are small; the details of this case should be fine

architectural history, the history of sculpture study. In short, the art of the eighteenth century, has become the elegance

To do something is alive. Great people feel depressed, dignity, and respect for big things ostracized,

replaced is like the small, exotic, elegant, brisk, lively things. Not only is this

art, daily life, clothing, speech, etiquette practices are true, that is, into the so-called Rocco

can type.

the French eighteenth century French Rococo arts and culture into the wind, of course, these are the reasons

. However, as noted earlier, in the later years of Louis XIV, France had been living in Europe, although the dominant position,

financial Pibi however, people pay very high taxes, debt is not the royal family returned to lend, Therefore, eight to ten

disposing century Louis XV era, the people of the royal family and nobles complained, thinking of freedom and equality

to surging. Religion and history that is only to legitimize the king's privileges have been worth

Gu, replaced by the natural sciences flourished. Science nobles and citizens, without exception, regardless of

they are equally applicable, the king and the nobles are dominated by the laws of gravity, blood circulation phenomena and not just people who have

city. In the writer, this is representative of freedom of thought Voltaire and Rousseau.

Because of these circumstances, Louis XV, and even the nobility out of court, can not be like they were too arrogant

. They unconsciously forces the public, surrounded by people thinking, living and

interesting changes have taken place; of course, entirely noble pride, unwilling to abandon, so to preferences that
< br> half the people half of aristocratic life, fun and art. Building magnificent palaces from the Baroque into a small and unique

elegant villas; decorated by a magnificent flavor into a light and graceful. This is

Rococo era. Then the paintings of this era is like?

Rococo Painting Rococo painting from its theme is, and the Baroque, are both noble

, are portraits of kings and nobles, but also life on the court works; but these portraits are

luxury fine, even if a man's portrait, but also seems a bit feminine, delicate look at some.

Rock era in Pakistan is just the opposite, that is, women are masculine painting, depicted powerful. Especially in the court

life paintings, this time, parties, picnic scene that a lot of fun, is compelling.

The painting technologies, and Baroque categorically different, for example, not one of the characteristics of Baroque significant

chiaroscuro, and giving a feeling of light plane; color hi not strong magnificent, and

is silver, not bright yellow, white, etc., in short, faint static stability of the color; line is

it, not Pakistan Rock exaggerated lines of twists and turns, and only gentle curves, the two are completely different.

flowering Rococo paintings in France, at the forefront of many people is Chinese.

China and more (Antoine Watteau ,1684-1721) was born in Belgium near the border village of Valencia

Sean, the father who is a mason, because life is not sufficient, let China and more early for the unskilled laborer. But more like painting

China, began to draw to the village office with a secretary of learning, however, even the monthly remuneration

can not pay, there is no money to buy paint. Although not do nothing, but the age of nineteen, he flatly decided

for artists, to the art of Paris.

to Paris, of course, had to struggle for life, only with great difficulty to find work in a grocery store for

. He decided to paint the picture of cheap, but because the food of your work time more, before the body is not real Chinese knot

more because of fatigue and malnutrition, suffering from lung disease. It is said that even then continued to work in

few days off, do not let up in self-study learning.

Soon, a theatrical set painter Jiluo Te can be seen more than China, close to his own students. More accommodation in Hua Ji Luote

the studio, barely have a place to stay, you can study hard. The Jiluo Te draw from

Italian comedy set things work. Students more time for the first time China saw the so-called Italian opera

drama, but also did not realize the elegance of Italian style.

China increasing number of techniques, painting Mr. drama better than advertising, so Jiluo Te unconsciously began to open

jealous of him, drive him out from his studio. No way more than China, made the time to oversee

莱克桑勃尔 palace painter called An Delan student, he also gives China a great number of art to the impact of

ring.

in 莱克桑勃尔 palace, a Rubens thirty-six murals; about these murals, the previously

been discussed. China to study the Baroque master of many excellent works of court artists, quite a few experiences.

In addition to that, the courtyard was 莱克桑勃尔 design is not the man,UGG shoes, but

natural forests, China be free to observe the many ancient trees, beautiful grass. He is said to work after the

grass trees appear, most of this era sketch.

However, China has suffered more than the teacher An Delan's jealousy, but China has become a bit more clever with its position,

no quarrel, this time to retire his return home, still hard to painting. His paintings are art

accidentally members homes found that China was more than just twenty-year-old, said he was a great genius, very highly,

he was jumped recommended for the prestigious Art Academy member.

China since many arts activities that era. Art Academy him as a respected member of the start and

out of court between the nobility and decent person and appear in the elegant ladies of the salon; therefore, these are

Rococo-style aristocratic leisure living and fun will spread to more than China's pen. For example, laughing; If you concentrate on listening to music, she would not be lady of the Rococo style. There

painting poetic atmosphere of soft, needless to say, background trees and bushes that have contributed to the poetic and elegant atmosphere.

the same work and there are many.

China has painted more than dance, comedy and other aspects of painting, the most famous masterpiece

said West Toi Island is Eros in Greek mythology, Muse play the beautiful island. This painting depicts Lady

where they set out to visit,bailey UGG boots, not only the idea of it is unique, and even his painting is poetic,

Utopian. Coated with layers of paint the whole picture, with delicate brush strokes vision demonstration of the mountain mist and trees

wood, can be considered in the Rococo style of painting is more distinguished work, but also noble chic style.

only this noble art of Chinese painting generally considered to be noble and more interesting ignorant painters, painting

indulge in pleasure at home, but in fact is not the case, his life is not pleasant . Art Institute's members made after,

get a reputation, revenue also increased; but his increasingly serious lung disease, recurrent chest pain, has a very

pain. There was a time when land was transferred to London, the result of the disease worsened. He returned to Paris, prepared to return home and miss

home farewell, but in the preparatory period, suddenly died.

Planck column (Nicolas Lancret ,1690-1743) and China mostly peers, but also with

the studio in the decorative painter Ji Luote learned, he is also the Italian inspired by comic artist,

It is said that he was very diligent in the summer to the bar with a painting of the Lebanese countryside around

go to the Art Institute's studio in winter, often hand on the brush. He is also a Rococo painter,

works mostly on field trips and dances, such as on the same as the aristocratic elegance.